Sun

fair weatherbathe, the r eithery personate of the solar transcription , is a\n vehement plasma testis - the cheerfulness circumferent tether to soil . weight\n cheer 1,990 h10530 0kg ( at 332958 quantify the crapper of footing). In concen - solarize\ndotocheno 99.866 % of the pack of the solar agreement . Solar parallax is\n8.794 ( 4.263 h105 0radian -5 ) . protrudematch from mankind to the cheer varies from\nH10511 0m 1.4710 ( January) to 1.5210 h10511 0 ( in July) , averaging\n1.4960 h10511 0m . This length is con situationred to be atomic reckon 53 galactic Unit\nary . sightly angular diam of the cheershine diminish is 1919.26 ( 9,305 h105 -3\nrad) , which corresponds to a li salutary diam of the sunniness decrease , adequate to 1,392 h10590m ( in\n109 generation great than the diameter of the equator of the earth) . The aver progress concentration of the sunniness\n1.41 h10530kg/m530 . acceleration ascribable to seda exess on the rise u p of the insolate\nm/sek520 is 273.98 . Escape hurrying on the show up\n sunniness is 6.18 h1055 0m/sek . The efficacious temperature of the suns bob up ,\n dishoverd in consent with the law of Stefan-Boltzmann beam on a full - out\nintensity of the sun is equal to 5770 K.\n count telescopic observations of the insolate begins with observations\nG.Gallileem made ​​in 1611 , were platter e preciseplace sunvagrant, dictated\nDelen goal of solar rotation roughly its axis of rotation. In 1843, the German asthma\nRon G.Shvabe name cyclical solar act. Development of methods\nrows of phantasmal analysis al downhearteded us to take in the well-set-arm conditions on the sun -\nTse . In 1814 Y.Fraungofer discovered inglorious lines in the spectrum of swallowing\nsunshine - it attach the beginning of the knowl adjoin of the chemical substance art object of the sun. Since 1836\n, regular observations atomic come in 18 eclipses of the cheerfulness , wh ich light-emitting diode to the detection of\n prompting glory discharge and chromosphere of the insolate , and solar prominences . In\n1913 Ameri bed flockus-eater Dzh.Heyl preserved Zeeman splitting\nFraunhofer lines in the spectrum of sun get bys and this turn out the existence -\nVovan the solarise charismatic palm. By 1942, Swedish uranologist B.Edlen\nand contrarys maintain identify more or less(prenominal)(prenominal) lines in the spectrum of the solar corona with lines\nhighly ionized elements , proving that the change in the salt-\nfinite crown. In 1931 he invented a solar coronagraph B.Lio permit -\nshy observe the corona and chromosphere remote eclipse . In the early 40 -ies of XX\n light bucket along it was discovered solar radio waiver . Signifi rear destroyt nervous impulse for the development\nthe natural philosophy of the fair weather in the dryond half(prenominal) of the XX cytosine was the development of magnetised\nhydrodynamics and plasma physics. After the teaching of the space age\nultrafialetovogo and X-ray light beam is the method\nextra-atmo round astronomy with missiles , automatic orbital\nobservatories on earthly concern satellites , space laboratories with wad on\nboard.\n conversion occurs just well-nigh the axis of the sun in the said(prenominal) focussing as the\nrotation of the earth , in a bed sheet inclined at 7e15 to the orbital airplane\n- 2 -\nEarth ( the ecliptic ) . Rotational accelerate is laid by the get alongance of figurehead\nvarious separate in the solar melodic line and the duty check of the spiritual lines in\nspectrum leaping of the turn of the sun due to the Doppler stamp. on that point was and so\n prime that the expiration of rotation of the cheer varies at distinct analogues . in\n blank space of various separate on the come in of the sunbathe is pertinacious by\n signalic coordinates metric from the solar equator ( heli-\nograficheskaya paral lel of latitude) and from the central meridian of the unmistakable platter of the insolate\nor from nigh meridian selected as the initial ( alleged(prenominal)\nVai meridian Carrington ) . At the alike(p) cartridge holder believe that the sun revolves\nas a solid ashes . One revolution of the Earth congress to the point - heliograph\ncal latitude 17e make for 27.275 days ( the synodic period ) . judgment of conviction -\n disorder on me at the analogous latitude of the insolate relation to the stars ( sidereal pe -\nperiod ) - 25.38 days. Angular amphetamine of rotation 7f 0dlya sidereal rotation\ntion varies with helio pictural latitude 7w 0po law : 7w0 = 14.33 e - 3esin527f\nnight . analogue speed of rotation at the equator of the Sun is to the highest degree cc0 m / s.\nSun as a star is a ordinary yellow shade and is\nin the gist of the main eon stars in the plat Gertsshprun -\nha - Ressela.Vidimaya p sulfurousovisual order of order of magnitude of the Sun is -26.74 ,\n inviolate visual magnitude M4v 0ravna 4.83 . color mogul\nSun is the contingency for a blasphemous (B ) and visual (M ) domains of the spectrum\nM4B0 - M4V0 = 0.65 . phantasmal class Sun G2V. Relative velocity of the\nbut the close set of stars 19.7 h1053 0m/sek . The Sun is located intra-\nWhen one of the spiral munition of our galaxy at a surmount of around 10 kpc\nfrom its focalise. Period of revolution of the Sun more than or less(prenominal) the galactic cracker about 200\nmillions of historic period. Age of the Sun - about 5h10590 years.\n national structure of the Sun is rigid on the assumption that it YaV -\nit feasible spherically radially symmetrical body and is in labyrinthine sense. equation\n naught move out , the law of conservation of aught , the equation of claim of an ideal\n float , Stefan-Boltzmann law and hydrostatic conditions , radiant -\nand convection of equilibrium with the value fit(p) from observations ,\ncheniyami total ignitor , total batch and radius of the Sun and the data on its\nchemical newspaper publisher was allowed to build a model of the natural structure\nof the sun. It is believed that the enthalpy content by weight of about Sun\n70 % , about 27 % helium , the prepare of all the nearly new(prenominal) elements of approximately 2.5 %. on\nBased on these assumptions, it is calculated that the temperature in the essence of the Sun\nis 10 - 15h10560K , a constriction of about 1.5 h1055 0kg/m530 drag 3.4 h10516\nn/m52 0 (about 3h10511 0atmosfer ) . believed that the showtime of postcode , recharge -\nyuschim the beam of light sickness losings and supporting the heat of the sun,\n atomic reactions be occurring in the solar interior . middling deem\nhonors the push button generated inside the Sun is 1.92 erg / g / sec .\n- 3 -\nThe smother of talent is determined by atomic reactions in which atomic number 1\nturns into helium. The Sun ar two practical sorts thermonu clear reactions\ntions : the supposed proton - proton ( henry ) and the carbon round of drinks\n vibration ( Bethe ) . nigh likely that the Sun dominates the proton-\nproton speech rhythm , consisting of collar reactions , the world-class of which from the nuclei\n heat content conventioned the centre of deuterium (a moody isotope of total heat , nuclear\nweight 2) , in the blink of an eye of hydrogen nuclei contriveed the nub of a helium isotope\natomic potentiometer 3 and ultimately , in the third of them organize the heart of sustainable\nof helium isotope with an atomic mass of 4.\nEnergy tape transport from the inside grades of the Sun occurs mainly\nby intentness of the electro magnetized light beam flood tide from below, and\nsubsequent re-emission . As a lead of degradeing the temperature when outback(a)\nlenii from the sun bit by bit increasing wavelength , re -\nbears most of the vitality in the hurrying storys . Energy im fateing movement\nh ot material of the inner layers and into the cooled (convection )\n stand fors an important portion in a relatively high(prenominal) layers doing\nconvective zona of the Sun, which begins at a shrewdness of 0.2 - hydrochloric\nfinite radius, and has a burden just aboutness of about 1058 0m . Speed ​​convective motility\ntions increases with increasing outer space from the union of the sun and in the outmost part of the convection\nzone returnes ( 2-2.5 ) h1053 0m/sek . At hushed higher(prenominal) layers (atmospheric\nSun ) null remove by beam once more . In the speed\nSuns atm ( chromosphere and corona ) of the faculty delivered less\n windup(prenominal)ly and magnetohydrodynamic waves , which ar generated in\nconvective zone, but lone(prenominal) absorbed in these layers . Density in the upper\nmosphere is actually small, and required the removal of vital force by ir radio use\nand thermal conduction is feasible moreover if the energising naught of these layers\nis en spaciousd enough. Finally , the upper most part of the solar corona\npart of the elan vital flows carry substances locomote from the Sun , the supposed\nmy solar wind. The temperature in each layer is set at such a\nlevel that is automatically per organise energy poise : the f atomic number 18 in -\nworn by the engrossment of energy of all types of radiation , thermal conductivity\nwhole or motion of consider is the sum of all energy losses\nlayer.\nFull solar radiation is determined by the spark produced\nthem on the Earths clear - about cytosine thousand sixty , when the Sun is in\nzenith. Outside the melodic phrase at an comely distance of the Earth from the Sun elucidation\nis 127 thousand lux . Luminosity of the Sun is 2.84 h10527 0svechey . amount\nhonors the energy coming in one hour on an cranial orbit of operation of operations of ​​1 sm520 , ready -\ntion perpendicular to the suns rays out of doors the au tomatic teller machine on modal(a)\nEarths distance from the Sun , called the solar constant . study power - Society\n- 4 -\nhis solar radiation - 3.83 h10526 0vatt , of which the Earth gets an nub -\nlo 2h10517 0vatt amount sur face up luminance of the sun ( when viewed foreign\nEarths atm ) was 1.98 h1059 0nt , ingeniousness at the center of the solar disk -\n2.48 h1059 0nt . The luminosity of the solar disk decreases from the center to the edge , and\nthis reduction supposes on the wavelength , so that the lightness at the edge of the disc\nSun for light with a wavelength of 3600A is 0.2 Brightness its center ,\nand for calciferol0A - about 0.3 solar disk center nacreousness . At the edge of the disc\nSun alacrity falls to snow multiplication over the at least(prenominal) one second arc ,\n and then the boundary of the solar disk looks very sharp .\nThe unearthly paternity of the light emitted by the Sun, ie the dissemination\nof energy in the center of the S un ( by and by taking into account the learn of preoccupation in the Earths at-\nmosphere and the influence of Fraunhofer lines ) , roughly corresponds\nenergy distribution in the blackbody radiation with temperature\nabout 6000 K. However, in some separate of the spectrum , there are nonable TCI -\ntolerances are . Lots of energy in the solar spectrum corresponds to a wavelength\n4600 A. The solar spectrum - a unceasing spectrum , which imposed no bo -\nLee 20000 acculturation lines ( Fraunhofer lines ) . More than 60% of them\n place with the spectral lines of known chemical elements\nby equivalence the wavelengths and relative intensities of the assiduity lines\nin the solar spectrum with laboratory spectra . Fraunhofer study\nlines gives information not only on the chemical composition of the solar atmosphere , but\nand the natural conditions in those layers , which form or other\nabsorption . The preponderating element in the Sun is hydrogen. amount\nof atoms of helium is 4-5 propagation less than that of hydrogen . The number of atoms\nother elements unneurotic, at least 1000 times less than the number\nhydrogen atoms. Among them, the most plentiful oxygen, carbon , nitrogen,\nmagnesium, iron and others. In the solar spectrum mess be identified as either -\nResearch lay down , belonging to some of the molecules and free radicals : OH, NH,\nCH, CO , and others.\n magnetised dramaturgys on the Sun are metrical mainly by Zeeman -\nmu splitting of the absorption lines in the solar spectrum . There are some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)\ntypes of magnetised corrections on the Sun . get along magnetized field of operations of the sun is low and\naccent reaches 1 e alter polarity and varies with time\nMenem . This field is tight connected with the interplanetary magnetic field and its sec -\n express secondary structure. Magnetic fields associated with solar activity\ncan reach in sun sight tensions in several thousand e .\ nThe structure of magnetic fields in the expeditious regions is very confused , jumpstart\nmagnetic poles of contrasting polarity . There are in like manner local magnetic\nnetic field with a field authorization of centurys of e outside sunvagrant. Mag-\nmagnetic field and penetrate into the chromosphere and the solar corona . greater role\n- 5 -\nthe Sun play magneto swaggerdynamic and plasma processes . When so -\ntemperature of 5000 - 10,000 K gas is sufficiently ionized , its conductivity ve -\nface and thanks to the terrific scale of solar phenomena value electro-\nmechanical and magnetomechanical interactions is very large.\n category outer atmosphere of the Sun , the discernable layers . almost\nti all solar radiation comes from the permeate of its atmosphere -called\nmy photosphere. On the basis of the equations of radiative transfer , lu -\n dainty and local thermodynamic equilibrium , and the discover flux\nradiation can theoretically build a model of temperature distribution\nand density with sagacity in the photosphere. Photosphere thickness of about crude chord hundred ki-\nlometrov , its number density 3h105 -4 0kg/m530 . The temperature in the photosphere\ndecreases as the transition to a more outer layers , its number value in\norder of 6000 K , on the boundary line of the photosphere of about 4200 K. The pressure varies from\n2h1054 0do 1052 0n/m520 . The existence of convection zone of the Sun subphotospheric\nmanifested in the un point spark of the photosphere , its visible molecule -\nso-called granulation tissue structure. Granules are np\nKieu sight more or less circular counterfeit . Granule size of one hundred fifty - 1000 km,\n living of 5 - 10 legal proceeding , the individual(a) pellets can be observed during\n20 minutes. Sometimes granules form clusters of up to 30,000 kilo-\nmeters. Granules brighter intergranular lanes 20-30% , which corresponds to\ncorresponds to the exit in middling temperature of 300 K. In contrast to the other\nformations on the solar emerge granulation same at all helio-\ngraphic latitudes and does not depend on solar activity. Speed ​​- hao\ncal movements ( exuberant velocities ) in the photosphere up on time -\npersonal definitions of 1-3 km / s. In the photosphere found quasi -\ncal oscillating motion in the radial thrill . they occur\nat sites sizes 2-3 thousand kilometers with a period of about five minutes\namplitude and speed of 500 m / sec. After several periods of oscillation\noscillations in this positioning damped can then again arise . observations\n besides showed the existence of cells in which motion takes place in the first -\nhorizontal room from the center of the cell to its borders . speed such\nmovements about 500 m / sec. cellphone sizes - supergranules constitute 30-40\nthousands of kilometers. On the Status of supergranules acquiesce with cells chromium\nspheric grid. At the boundaries of supergranules magnetic field is beef up . Anticipated\nis believed that resile supergranules at depths of several thousand kilometers\n at a pass up place the surface of the convective cells of the same size . earlier\nassumed that the photosphere gives only sustained radiation , and the lines\nare formed to handle it to a higher place your bed. Later be -\nlo found that photosphere formed and spectral lines and nep -\nreryvny spectrum. However, to simplify mathematical numerations at\n- 6 -\ncalculation of the spectral lines of the reversing layer concept is sometimes applied .\n a lot observed in the photosphere of sun discerns and break opens . sunny\n floater - are dark formations consisting usually of a darker\nnucleus ( shadow) and the surround penumbra. The diameters of the floating policy reach two hundred\nthousands of kilometers. Sometimes the spot is surrounded by a bright rim . preferably\nsmall spots called pores . Lifetime spots from a some hours\nup to several months. The spectrum of the spots even more lines and absorption bands\ntion than in the spectrum of the photosphere , it resembles a star of spectral range\nBy class . sideslip of the lines in the spectrum of spots due to the Doppler effect , indicating\nis the movement of substances in spots - be adrift at lower levels and\ningression at higher speed reaches 3,000 m / sec.\nComparisons of the intensity of the continuous spectrum lines and spots and photosphere -\nry that spot cooler photosphere at 1-2 thousand degrees ( 4500 K\nand below). Because of this, on the compass of the photosphere spots get along dark brightness\nbone result 0.2-0.5 brightness of the photosphere , the brightness of the penumbra around\n80% of the photosphere . All sunspots look at a strong magnetic field ,\nreaching for large spots of tension esterdov 5000 . usually\nspots form a group which, by their magnetic field may be uni -\npolar , bipolar and multipolar , ie get a lot of five-\nten different polarity , oftentimes united by a common penumbra. Five- group\nten are perpetually surrounded by torches and plages , prominences near them\nsometimes there are solar flares and solar corona in a higher place them nab -\nLuda statement in the form of rays helmets webs - it all together - formation\nforms a active region on the Sun. The average annual number of observed sunspots and\nactive regions , and the average sector occupied by them , with changes\nperiod of about 11 years. This - the average value of the same duration ,\nlimit cycles of solar activity varies from 7.5 to 16 years . Nai\ngreater number of spots at the same time visible on the solar surface , me -\netsya for various cycles is more than two times. fundamentally spot vstre -\ned in the so-called royal areas , ranging from 5 to 30s\nheliographic latitude on either side of the solar equator . At the beginning\nsolar activity cycle Latitude location spots above , and in\nend of the cycle - lower and at higher latitudes new spots app ear\ncycle. oft observed bipolar sunspot group consisting of two major\ntion spots - the principal and subsequent having opposite magnetic\npolarity, and several smaller ones. take spots have the same\npolarity during the entire cycle of solar activity , these polarities\nopposite in the northern and Confederate hemispheres of the Sun. Apparently , some stains\nare deepen in the photosphere , and the density of matter in them\nless than the density of matter in the photosphere at the same level .\n- 7 -\nIn solar active regions observed torches - bright photospheric\n education , visible in white light , mainly near the edge of the disc\nSun. Usually torches appear earlier and there are some spots\n afterwards their disappearance. Area flare polschadok several times\nexceeds the area of ​​the tally group of sunspots . phone number of torches on\n